Not really a summary of two article, but rather a summary of two constructivists‘ concepts.
Firstly, Flood and Jackson propose a System of Systems and point out the modelling approaches suitable for these specific systems:
| Unitary | Pluralist | Coercive | |
| Simple | Operation Research, Systems Analysis, Systems Engineering, System Dynamics | Social Systems Design, Strategic Assumption Surfacing and Testing | Critical Systems Heuristics |
| Complex | Viable Systems Model, General Systems Theory, Socio-Technical Systems Thinking, Contingency Theory | Interactive Planning, Soft Systems Methodology |
Secondly, because at some point in time I just had to write it down again, Simon’s constructivist process of decision-making, originally published in 1979:
Intelligence (Is vs. Ought situation) —> Design (Problem Solving) —> Choice —> Implementation —> Evaluation
With the extension of decision loops if no choice can be made as proposed by Le Moigne, revisiting the Design, Intelligence, or even the Initial step:
- Re-Design – the How
- Re-Finalisation – the What
- Re-Justification – the Why